Page 572 - index

ɤɟɡɞɟ k" S , ɹԑɧɢ ɬɟɤ Ɋ ɤԛɲɿɧɟ ԑɚɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ, ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ ȿJ=ɫonst. P<PɞΕ
ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɫɵɪɵԕ ɛԝɪɵɧԑɵ ԕɚɥɩɵɧɚ ԕɚɣɬɵɩ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ, ɹԑɧɢ ɨɧɵԙ ɨɫi ɬԛɡɟɥiɩ ɬiɤ
ɤԛɣiɧ ɫɚԕɬɚɩ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥ, Ɋ>PɞΕ ɛɨɥɫɚ ɲɟ? Ȼԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɞɟ k" z S , ɞɟɦɟɤ
k" z 0 , ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɋ1=C2=0. Ɉɥɚɣ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɫɵɪɵԕɬɵԙ ɨɫi, ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɤԛɲ
ɞɚԑɞɚɪɵɫ ɤԛɲɿɧɟɧ ɚɫɵɩ ɤɟɬɤɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɫɵɪɵԕɬɵԙ ɢɿɥɝɟɧ ɨɫɿ ԕɚɣɬɚɞɚɧ
ɬԛɡɟɥɿɩ ɤɟɬɟɞɿ. ɋɵɪɬԕɵ ɤԛɲ ɫɵɪɵԕɬɵ ɢɝɟɧ ɤԛɲɬɟɧ ɚɪɬɵԕ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɚ,
ɫɵɪɵԕɬɵԙ ɢɿɥɝɟɧ ɨɫɿ ɬԛɡɟɥɭɿ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ ɟɦɟɫɬɿɝɿɧ ԥɪɛɿɪ ɚɞɚɦ ɛɿɥɟɞɿ. ɋɨɧɞɚ
ɛԝɥ ɧɟ, ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɲɟɲɿɥɭɿ ԕɚɬɟ ɦɟ, ԥɥɞɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ ɩɚ? Ɉɧɵԙ ɟɲԕɚɣɫɵɫɵ ɞɚ
ɟɦɟɫ; ɗɣɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɚɥԑɚɧ ɲɟɲɿɦɿ – ɞɟɪɛɟɫ ɲɟɲɿɦ. ɀɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ (§2)
ɚɣɬɵɥԑɚɧɞɚɣ, ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɛɟɪɿɥɭ ɲɚɪɬɵɧɞɚ ɚɡ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɥɚɪ ԕɚɪɚɥɚɬɵɧɵ,

ɞԥɥɿɪɟɤ ɚɣɬԕɚɧɞɚ ( y / )2 | 0 ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɞɚɣ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɵɥɭɥɚɪ

ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɬɵɧɵ ɤԧɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ. ȿɝɟɪ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɵԕ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɞɿԙ ɠɭɵԕ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɛɚɫɚԕ, ɨɧɞɚ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɧԥɬɢɠɟ ɚɥԑɚɧ ɛɨɥɚɪ ɟɞɿɤ.
Ԕɨɪɵɬɚ ɚɣɬԕɚɧɞɚ, ɗɣɥɟɪ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ ɚɡ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥ «ɚɡ» ɞɟɝɟɧ ɫԧɡ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɦɚԑɵɧɚɞɚ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ, ɨɧɵ ɧɟɦɟɧ ɛɚԑɚɥɚɣɦɵɡ?
Ɍԛɫɿɧɿɤɬɿ ɛɨɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ, ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ɫɵɧɚԕɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɬԝɪԑɵɡɵɥԑɚɧ
ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɦɟɧ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɝɪɚɮɢɝɿɧ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɫɵɧ) ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɦɵɡ. Ɉɥ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɥɚɪ ɨɫɵ ɨԕɭɥɵԕɬɵԙ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɚɪɚɭɵɧɞɚ ɬɨɥɵԕ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ. Ɉɥ

ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɥɚɪɞɚɧ ( y / )2 | 0 ɞɟɩ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵԙ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɚɥɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɹԑɧɢ:

V ǚ d V ɩɰ . (10.28)

Ɉɫɵ ɬɟԙɫɿɡɞɿɤɬɿ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɩ, ɗɣɥɟɪ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵɧɵԙ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɭ ɲɟɝɿɧ
ɬɚɛɚɦɵɡ. (10.29)
Ⱦɚԑɞɚɪɵɫ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɿɧ ɬɚɛɚɣɵԕ:

V ɞɝ Pɞ S 2 EJ .
Ⱥ
P ˜ "2 ɚ

J ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧ (i)2 ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɦɿɡ ɞɟ, i ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧ ԕɢɦɚɧɵԙ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɹ

Ⱥ

ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɦɵɡ:

i J. (10.30)
ȿɤɿɧɲɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɧɵ ԕɚɣɬɚɥɚɩ ɠɚɡɚɣɵԕ, ɚ

Vɞ S 2E ˜i2 . (10.31)
(P") 2

Ȼԧɥɲɟɤɬɿԙ ɛԧɥɿɦɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɲɚɦɚɧɵ ɦɚɣɵɫԕɵɲɬɵԕ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɦɵɡ ɞɚ, O

ԥɪɩɿɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɦɿɡ, ɹԑɧɢ P ˜" O.
i

Ⱦɚԑɞɚɪɵɫ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɿ:

570