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§3. Ɍԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿ
Ɍԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ, ɚɥɞɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɧɲɚ ɫɵɧɚԕ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɭ ɤɟɪɟɤɬɿɝɿ
ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɟɞɿ. Ɍԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɞɟ, ɤɟɦ ɞɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɨɧ ԛɥɝɿ ɞɚɣɵɧɞɚɥɚɞɵ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɿɪ-
ɛɿɪɿɧɟɧ ɚɣɵɪɦɚɲɵɥɵԑɵ ɛɨɥɦɚɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ɉɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥԑɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ɛԝɥ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɵԙ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɞɚ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɬɵɧɵɧɚ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɫɵɧɚԕ ɰɢɤɥɿɧɿԙ ɫɚɧɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ. ɐɢɤɥ ɫɚɧɵ 5-6-ɞɚɧ ɛɚɫɬɚɩ,
ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɦɟɧ (ɬɿɩɬɿ ɨɞɚɧ ɞɚ ɤԧɩ) ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɬɿɧ ɫɚɧԑɚ ɞɟɣɿɧ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɦԛɦɤiɧ.
ɋɵɧɚԕ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɚɧɵ – ɫɵɧɚԕɬɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥ ɫɵɧɚԕ
ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ ԛɥɝɿ ԕɢɪɚɦɚɣɬɵɧ, ɰɢɤɥɞɿԙ ɟԙ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɿ (ımax) – ɬԧɡiɦɞiɥiɤ
ɲɟɝɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
ȿɧɞɿ ɬԧɡiɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭ ɦԥɫɟɥɟɫɿɧɟ ɬɨɥɵԑɵɪɚԕ ɬɨԕɬɚɥɚɣɵԕ.
Ԛɥɝɿɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɠɚɪɬɵɫɵɧɚ ɬɚɹɭɵɧ, ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɞɚ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɬɭɚɬɵɧɞɚɣ
ɟɬɿɩ ɠԛɤɬɟɣɦɿɡ, ɹԑɧɢ ԕɢɦɚɞɚԑɵ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɥɟɪ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧɿԙ 50-70% ɛɨɥɭ
ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ԥɪɢɧɟ, ɛԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ԛɥɝɿ ɤԧɩ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɚɧɵɧɚ ɲɵɞɚɣ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ. Ȼԝɞɚɧ
ɤɟɣɿɧ, ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧ ɚɡɚɣɬɵɩ ɛɚɪɵɩ ɫɵɧɚԕ ɠԛɪɝɿɡɿɥɟɞɿ. Ʉɟɪɧɟɭ
ɲɚɦɚɫɵ ɚɡɚɣԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ԛɥɝɿ ԕɢɪɚԑɚɧԑɚ ɞɟɣɿɧɝɿ ɰɢɤɥ ɫɚɧɵ ɠɟɞɟɥɞɟɬɿɩ ԧɫɟ
ɛɚɫɬɚɣɞɵ. Ԥɪ ԛɥɝɿɧɿ ɫɵɧɚԑɚɧɧɚɧ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪɞɿ V N ɠԛɣɟɫɿɧɟ
ɬԛɫɿɪɿɩ ɨɬɵɪɚɦɵɡ. Ȼԝɥ ɠԛɣɟɧɿ ɠɚɪɬɵɥɚɣ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦ ɲɤɚɥɚɫɵ ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ

ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪԑɚɧ ɵԙԑɚɣɥɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵɧɵԙ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ, N f V

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɝɪɚɮɢɝɿɧ ɚɥɚɦɵɡ (6-ɫɭɪɟɬ). Ȼԝɥ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɿ ɬԝɪԑɵɡɭ ԛɲɿɧ,
ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ԛɥɝɿɧɿԙ ԕɢɦɚɫɵɧɞɚ 500 Ɇɉɚ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɞɚɣ ɟɬɿɩ
ɠԛɤɬɟɣɦɿɡ. Ԥɪɢɧɟ, ԛɥɝɿ ɚɡ ɰɢɤɥɞɟ-ɚԕ ԕɢɪɚɣɞɵ, ɰɢɤɥɞɿԙ ɨɫɵ ɫɚɧɵɧɚ
ɫԥɣɤɟɫ 1-ɧԛɤɬɟɧɿ ɬɚɛɚɦɵɡ. Ʉɟɪɧɟɭɞɿ ɛɿɪɬɿɧɞɟɩ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɬɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, 2, 3, 4-
ɠԥɧɟ 5-ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪɞɿ ɬɚɭɵɩ, V N ɠԛɣɟɫɿɧɟ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɬɵɪɚɦɵɡ. Ʉɟɪɧɟɭɞɿ
250 Ɇɉɚ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɚ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɬɤɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɫɵɧɚԕ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɞɟ (107 ) ԛɥɝɿ
ԕɢɪɚɦɚɣɞɵ. Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ԛɥɝɿ ɛԝɥ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɟ "ɦԥԙɝɿ" ɠԝɦɵɫ ɿɫɬɟɣ ɚɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɥ
ɧԛɤɬɟɧɿ ɠɟɛɟ ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɦɿɡ. ȿɧɞɿ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿ ɛɿɪɬɿɧɞɟɩ ɤԧɛɟɣɬɟ
ɛɚɫɬɚɣɦɵɡ. ɀɟɬɿɧɲɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɟɝɿɡɿɧɲɿ ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪɝɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɥɟɪ
(< 300 Ɇɉɚ ) ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɞɟ ԛɥɝɿ, ɤɟɪɟɝɿɧɲɟ, ɤԧɩ ɭɚԕɵɬ ԕɢɪɚɦɚɣ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɿɫɬɟɣ
ɚɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ 300 Ɇɉɚ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɚɧ ɫԥɥ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɚ, ԛɥɝɿ ɫɵɧɚԕ
ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɟ ɠɟɬɩɟɣ ԕɢɪɚɣɞɵ. Ɇɿɧɟ, ɨɫɵ ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ, ɬԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧɿԙ
ɝɪɚɮɢɝɿɧ ɚɥɚɦɵɡ (6-ɫɭɪɟɬ). Ⱥɫɚ ɤԧɩ ɭɚԕɵɬ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɿɫɬɟɦɟɣɬɿɧ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɿ ԛɲɿɧ ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɿԙ ɤԧɦɟɝɿɦɟɧ
ɬԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.

Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, N=105 ԛɲɿɧ ɚɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɟɧ V1N 400MDžǖ ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɤԧɪɟɦɿɡ.
Ɍԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɞɟɧ (ɫɵɧɚԕ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ) ɬɚɛɭɞɵԙ ɤɟɦɲiɥɿɤɬɟɪɿ ɞɟ ɚɡ
ɟɦɟɫ. Ⱥɬɚɩ ɚɣɬԕɚɧɞɚ, ɫɵɧɚԕɬɚɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɲɚɦɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԥɪԕɢɥɵ ɛɨɥɭɵ
ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ԛɥɝɿɥɟɪɞɿ ɫɵɧɚɭԑɚ ԥɤɟɩ ɫɨԑɚɞɵ, ɨɧɵԙ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɬԥɫɿɥɦɟɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ, ɚɡ ɟԙɛɟɤ ɬɿɥɟɦɟɣɞɿ. Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ, ɬԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ,
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɵԙ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɥɚɪɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɭ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ
ԝɫɵɧɵɫɵ ɛɚɪ.

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