Page 411 - index
P. 411
Ȼԝɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɝɿ ɨɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɟԙ ɚɥɵɫɬɚԑɵ ɧԛɤɬɟɫɿ ɛɟɣɧɟɥɟɣɬɿɧ ɪɨɥɢɤɬɿԙ
ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɲɟԙɛɟɪɞɿԙ ɿɲɤɿ ɠɚԑɵɧɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɚɞɵ, ɨɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ
ɦԝɧɞɚɣ ɦɚɥɶɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿ ɿɲɬɟɣ ɿɥɿɧɿɫɭ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, 86-
ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟɝɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɵɪɬɬɚɣ ɿɥɿɧɿɫɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
ȱɲɬɟɣ ɿɥɿɧɿɫɟɬɿɧ ɦɚɥɶɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧɿԙ ɿɥɿɧɿɫɭ \ Ⱦ ɛԝɪɵɲɵ (5.56)
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵɧɚɧ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ M Ⱦ ɛԝɪɵɲɵ M Ⱦ S \ ɞ ɬɟԙɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɹԑɧɢ S z 2, S z 2.
MȾ z Mɩ z
ȱɲɬɟɣ ɿɥɿɧɿɫɟɬɿɧ ɦɚɥɶɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧɿԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɛԝɪɵɲɵ ɞɚɦɵɥɞɚɭ
ɛԝɪɵɲɵɧɚɧ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɬɵɧ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ:
WȾ z2 . (5.59)
2z
Ɉɣɵԕɬɚɪ ɫɚɧɵ, ɤɟɦ ɞɟɝɟɧɞɟ 3, ɚɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɿ, ɨɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ
ɤԧɛɟɣɝɟɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ ɚɡɚɹ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, 5 ɦԥɧɿɧɟɧ 1 ɦԥɧɿɧɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ ԧɡɝɟɪɟɞɿ.
6 2
5.2.2. Ɋɵɱɚɝɬɿ-ɬɿɫɬɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɪ. Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧɿԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟɪɿɧ ɬɚԙɞɚɭ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɧɿԙ ɬɚɩɲɵɥɵԑɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɬɿԙ ɨɣɵԕԕɚ
ɤɿɪɟɪɞɟɝɿ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɤɟɥɟԙɫɿɡɞɿɤɬɟɪ ɨɫɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɧɿԙ ɤɟɦɲɿɥɿɤɬɟɪɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɬɚɩ ɚɣɬԕɚɧɞɚ, ɟɝɟɪ ɨɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɛɚԑɵɬɵ ɪɨɥɢɤɬɿԙ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɧɿԙ
ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵɧɵԙ ɛɚԑɵɬɵɦɟɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɥɫɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɪɨɥɢɤɬɿԙ ɨɣɵԕԕɚ
ɤɿɪɟɪ ɫԥɬɿɧɞɟɝɿ, ɤɪɟɫɬɤɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚԑɵ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ,
ɛɿɪɚԕ ɨɧɵԙ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ԛɞɟɭɿ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ. Ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɛɚɫɬɚɥԑɚɧ
ɤɟɡɞɟ ԛɞɟɭɞɿԙ ɛɿɪɞɟɧ (ɫɟɤɿɪɿɩ) ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɹ ɤԛɲɿɧɿԙ ɛɿɪɞɟɧ (ɫɟɤɿɪɿɩ)
ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿɧɟ ԥɤɟɥɿɩ ɫɨԑɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɦԝɧɵԙ ԧɡɿ ɤɟɪɟɤɫɿɡ ɬɟɪɛɟɥɿɫɬɿ ɬɭɞɵɪɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵ
ɤɟɦɲɿɥɿɤ, ɠɟɬɤɿɥɿɤɬɿ ɬԛɪɞɟ, ɬɭɵɧɞɚɦɚɣɬɵɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɛɿɪɿ – ɪɵɱɚɝɬɿ-
ɬɿɫɬɿ (ɬɨɩɫɚɥɵ-ɬɿɫɬɿ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɪ. Ɇԝɧɞɚɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɪ, ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ ɠԝɩɬɵ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɪɝɟ ɟɤɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɨɞɚɧɞɚ ɤԧɩ ɬɿɫɬɿ ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤɬɟɪ ԕɨɫɭ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ
ɠɚɫɚɥɚɞɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɞɟɝɿ, ɤɟɦ ɞɟɝɟɧɞɟ, ɛɿɪ ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤ ɛԝɥԑɚԕɩɟɧ ɛɿɪɝɟ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɍɨɩɫɚɥɵ ɬԧɪɬɛɭɵɧɞɵ ABCD ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɿɧɿԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ – ɪɵɱɚɝɬɿ-
ɬɿɫɬɿ (ɬɨɩɫɚɥɵ-ɬɿɫɬɿ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ 89-ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɧɿԙ ɢɿɧɬɿɪɟɝɿɦɟɧ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧɞɚɣ ɟɬɿɥɿɩ ɬɿɫɬɿ ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤ 1
ԕɨɫɵɥԑɚɧ, ɚɥ ɛԝɥ ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤ ɋ ɬɨɩɫɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɨɫɿ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɟɪɤɿɧ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɛɚɫԕɚ
ɬɿɫɬɿ ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤɩɟɧ 4 ɿɥɿɧɿɫɤɟɧ. Ԧɡ ɤɟɡɟɝɿɧɞɟ, 4-ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤɩɟɧ 4c ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɝɿ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧɞɚɣ ɟɬɿɥɿɩ ԕɨɫɵɥԑɚɧ. Ⱥɥ 4c ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɝɿ ɚɣɧɚɥɭɞɵ D ɬɨɩɫɚɫɵɧɵԙ
ɨɫɿ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɟɪɤɿɧ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɬɵɧ 5-ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤɤɟ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ.
Ɍɨɩɫɚɥɵ ɬԧɪɬɛɭɵɧɞɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɭɵɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԝɡɵɧɞɵԕɬɚɪɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ
ɞԧԙɝɟɥɟɤɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ 1, 4, 4c, 5 ɬɿɫɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɫɚɧɞɚɪɵɧ ɦɵɧɚ ɲɚɪɬɬɚɪɞɚɧ
ɬɚԙɞɚɩ ɚɥɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ: ɢɿɧɬɿɪɟɤɬɿԙ (1) ɛɿɪԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ, ɲɵԑɭ
43090
