Page 471 - index
P. 471
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɞɚԑɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ Ƚɭɤ ɡɚԙɵɧɚ ɛɚԑɵɧɵɲɬɵ ɚɥɚɩɬɚ, ɨɥ
ɛԝɪɵɲ 1 ɲɚɦɚɫɵɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ԥɞɟɬɬɟ, dH ɲɚɦɚɫɵ
( dV
1 ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɚɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɩɚɣɵɡԑɚ (%) ɚɪɬԕɚɧɞɚ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵԕ
E
ɲɟɝɿɧɟ ɠɟɬɬɿ ɞɟɩ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɿ ɫɚԕɬɚɥɚɬɵɧ, ɹԑɧɢ ԕɚɥɞɵԕ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ ɟԙ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿ (V ɫ ) ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
ɋɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧ ɬɚɛɭɞɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɠɨɥɵ – ԛɥɝɿɧɿ ɛɿɪ ɫɨɡɵɩ, ɛɿɪ ɛɨɫɚɬɚ (Ɋ=0)
ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɨɧɵ ɤԛɲɬɟɧ ɛɨɫɚɬԕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ԕɚɥɞɵԕ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɛɚɪ-ɠɨԑɵɧ
ԕɚɪɚɩ ɨɬɵɪɭ. Ȼԝɥ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɤɟ ɬɟɪɟԙɿɪɟɤ ԕɚɪɚɣɬɵɧ ɛɨɥɫɚԕ, ԛɥɝɿɧɿ ɫɨɡɚ
ɛɚɫɬɚԑɚɧɧɚɧ-ɚԕ, ɤɟɣɛɿɪ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɩɚɣɞɚ
ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɵɧɚ ɤԧɡɿɦɿɡ ɠɟɬɤɟɧ ɛɨɥɚɪ ɟɞɿ. Ɇԝɧɵԙ ԧɡɿ, ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɤɬɿ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧ ԕɚɧɲɚɥɵԕɬɵ ɞԥɥɞɿɤɩɟɧ ɬɚɛɭ ɤɟɪɟɤɬɿɝɿɧɟ
ɤɟɥɿɩ ɬɿɪɟɥɟɞɿ. Ԥɞɟɬɬɟ, ԕɚɥɞɵԕ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ H (1 5) 105 , ɞɟɦɟɤ, 0,001-
0,005% ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɚ, ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿɧɟ ɠɟɬɬɿ ɞɟɩ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ ɞɟ, ɨɥɚɪ
V 0,001 ɧɟɦɟɫɟ V 0,005 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɟɞɿ. ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɞɵԕ ɲɟɤ ɩɟɧ
ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿɥɿɤ ɲɟɝɿ ɲɚɪɬɬɵ ɲɚɦɚɥɚɪ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɚ ɤɿɪɟ ɛɟɪɦɟɣɞɿ.
Ʉɟɪɧɟɭɞɿԙ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɞɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ԧɫɭɿɧ – "ɚΕɭ" ԕԝɛɵɥɵɫɵ ɞɟɩ, ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿԙ ɫɨɥ ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧ V ɚ –
ɚΙΙɵɲɬɵΙ ɲɟɝɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɦɵɡ (39-ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟɝɿ Ⱥȼ – ɚɭɦɚԑɵɧɞɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɠɟɞɟɥ ԧɫɟɞɿ ɞɟ, ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿԙ ԧɫɭɿ ɠɨԕɬɵԙ ԕɚɫɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɬɟ ɛԝɥ ɚɭɦɚԕ
ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫɚԑɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɤɟɥɟɞɿ). Ⱥɥ ɚԑɭ ɲɟɝɿ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɞɚ ɚɣԕɵɧ
ɤԧɪɿɧɛɟɫɟ, ɨɧɵ ɲɚɪɬɬɵ ɬԛɪɞɟ, ԕɚɥɞɵԕ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ [G 0,002 ɧɟɦɟɫɟ 0,2%
ɛɨɥԑɚɧԑɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿ ɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ԛɥɝɿɧɿ ԛɡɭ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɟԙ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɤԛɲɬɿԙ, ɤԧɥɞɟɧɟԙ ԕɢɦɚɧɵԙ
ɚɥԑɚɲԕɵ ɚɭɞɚɧɵɧɚ (ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɛɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟɝɿ) ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵ
ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɲɟɝɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɭɚΙɵɬɲɚ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ (V ɭ ) ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɲɚɦɚɧɵ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɬɚɛɭ ɨԙɚɣ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɨɥ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɫɿɧɞɟ ԧɬɟ
ɠɢɿ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɬɵɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
Ȼԝɥɚɪԑɚ ԕɨɫɚ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɚ ɠɚɬɚɬɵɧ ɲɚɦɚɥɚɪ:
– ɟԙ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ԕɚɥɞɵԕ ԝɡɚɪɭ:
G 'l0 100% , (3.1)
l0
– ԛɡɿɥɝɟɧɧɟɧ ɤɟɣɿɧɝɿ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɦɚɥɵ ɠɿԙɿɲɤɟɪɭ:
\ Ⱥ0 Ⱥ1 100% , (3.2)
Ⱥ0
– ɫɟɪɩɿɦɞɿ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɦɟɧɲɿɤɬɿ ɠԝɦɵɫɵ:
469
