Page 9 - index

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɬɚɪɢɯɵɧɚ ԛԙɿɥɫɟɤ, ɨɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿ ɛɿɡɞɿԙ ɷɪɚԑɚ ɞɟɣɿɧɝɿ III
ԑɚɫɵɪɞɚ ԧɦɿɪ ɫԛɪɝɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ԑɚɥɵɦ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤ Ⱥɪɯɢɦɟɞɬɟɧ
ɛɚɫɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ȼԝɞɚɧ ɤɟɣɿɧ ɤԧɩ ɭɚԕɵɬ ɛɨɣɵ (2000 ɠɵɥɞɚɣ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɦɵɦɚɣ
ɬԝɪɵɩ ԕɚɥɞɵ ɞɟɫɟ ɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ʉɟɣɿɧ ɛԝɥ ԑɵɥɵɦɞɵ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɞɚ ȼɢɧɱɢ (1452-
1519), ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɨɩɟɪɧɢɤ (1473-1543), Ʉɟɩɥɟɪ (1571-1630), Ƚɚɥɢɥɟɨ Ƚɚɥɢɥɟɣ
(1564-1642), ɏ.Ƚɸɝɟɧɫ (1629-1695), Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ (1596-1650) ɠԥɧɟ ɬɚԑɵ ɛɚɫԕɚ
ɫɵɧɞɵ ԑɚɥɵɦɞɚɪ ɨɞɚɧ ԥɪɿ ɞɚɦɵɬɵɩ, ɨɪɚɫɚɧ ԛɥɤɟɧ ԛɥɟɫ ԕɨɫɬɵ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧ ԕɚɥɚɭɞɵ ԑɚɥɵɦ ɂɫɚɚɤ ɇɶɸɬɨɧ (1642-1727) ɚɹԕɬɚɞɵ.
Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞ ɗɣɥɟɪ (1707-1783), Ⱦɚɥɚɦɛɟɪ (1717-1783), Ʌɚɝɪɚɧɠ (1736-1813),
Ʉ.ɗ.ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ (1857-1935), Ⱥ.ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ (1879-1955) ɠԥɧɟ ɬɚԑɵ ɛɚɫԕɚ
ԑɚɥɵɦɞɚɪ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ԑɵɥɵɦɵɧ ɨɞɚɧ ԥɪɿ ɠɟɬɿɥɞɿɪɿɩ, ɟԙ ɠɨԑɚɪԑɵ
ɞɟԙɝɟɣɝɟ ɠɟɬɤɿɡɝɟɧ.

Ɉɪɵɫ ԑɚɥɵɦɵ ɇ.ȿ.ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ (1847-1921) ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɨԕɭɲɵɫɵ
ɋ.Ⱥ.ɑɚɩɥɵɝɢɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɠɚԙɚ ɛɿɪ ɬɚɪɦɚԑɵɧ – ɚɜɢɚɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ
ɧɟɝɿɡɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɬɵɧ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵ ԕԝɪɞɵ. ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ
ɇ.ȿ.ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ, ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɨɪɧɵԕɬɵɥɵԑɵ, ԕɨɥɞɚɧɛɚɥɵ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɥɚɥɚɪɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ԑɵɥɵɦɢ
ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɞɵ.

ɂ.ȼ.Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɠԥɧɟ Ʉ.ɗ.ɐɢɨɥɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɥɿ ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪɞɿԙ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵ ɬɭɪɚɥɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧ ԕɚɥɚɞɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ԕɚɡɿɪɝɿ ɡɚɦɚɧɞɚԑɵ
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɬɿ ɦɨɬɨɪɥɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɪɚɤɟɬɚɥɚɪ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.

ɄɋɊɈ ԑɚɥɵɦɵ Ⱥ.ɇ.Ʉɪɵɥɨɜɬɵԙ (1863-1945) ɛɚɥɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɬɟɪɛɟɥɿɫ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ, ɝɢɪɟɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ ɠԧɧɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɠԝɦɵɫɬɚɪɵ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ԑɵɥɵɦɵɧɞɚ ɤԧɪɧɟɤɬɿ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɥɚɞɵ

Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɩԥɧɿɧɿԙ ɚɥԑɚɲԕɵ ԕɚɡɚԕ ɬɿɥɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɨԕɭɥɵԑɵ
Ɉ.Ⱥ.ɀɨɥɞɚɫɛɟɤɨɜ, Ɇ.ɇ.ɋɚԑɢɬɨɜ ɠԥɧɟ Ʉ.Ɇԝɫɬɚɯɢɲɟɜ ɫɵɧɞɵ ԑɚɥɵɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɚɜɬɨɪɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ 1982 ɠɵɥɵ ɠɚɪɵԕ ɤԧɪɞɿ.

Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɞɚ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɤԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ
ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɬɟɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵΙ Ϋɡɚɪɚ Ωɫɟɪɥɟɪɿ ԑɚɧɚ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ
ɠɨԑɚɪɵɞɚ ɚɬɚɩ ԧɬɬɿɤ. Ȼԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪɥɟɪ, ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪɞɿԙ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɥɟɪɿɧɟ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪɞɿԙ ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɟ (ɠɚɡɵԕɬɵԕɬɚ, ɬ.ɛ.) ԧɡɚɪɚ ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɥɚɪɵɧ
ԧɡɝɟɪɬɭɝɟ ԕɚɪɫɵɥɚɫɚɞɵ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɛɿɪ ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɞɟɧɟɝɟ ԕɵɫɵɦɵ, ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪ
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԛɣɤɟɥɿɫ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɚԑɵ ɛɚɫԕɚɥɚɪ.

ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԧɡɚɪɚ ԥɫɟɪɥɟɪ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɵԙ
ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ ɬԛɪɿɦɟɧ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɚɞɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɬɚԙɞɚɥɵɧɵɩ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɞɟɧɟɝɟ
ԕɚɬɵɫɬɵ ɬɵɧɵɲɬɵԕ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɬɚɥԑɚɧ, «ɬɚԙɞɚɥɵɧɵɩ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɞɟɧɟ»
ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɠԛɣɟɫɿ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɪɞɿ ɲɟɲɤɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ
ɠԛɣɟɫɿ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɀɟɪ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɀɟɪɦɟɧ ɬɿɤɟɥɟɣ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚԑɵ ɞɟɧɟ
ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.

ɀɚɥɩɵ ɚɥԑɚɧɞɚ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɧɟɥɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɚɪɵɧ
ɡɟɪɬɬɟɣɞɿ, ɚɥ ɬɵɧɵɲɬɵԕ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɥ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɵԙ ɠɟɤɟɥɟɧɝɟɧ ɬԛɪɿ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ
ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ.

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