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Ԥɪ ɭɚԕɵɬ ɫԥɬɿɧɞɟ, ԕɨɡԑɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ ɚɤɫɨɢɞ ɩɟɧ ԕɨԑɚɥɦɚɥɵ ɚɤɫɨɢɞ ԧɡɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ
ԕԝɪɭɲɵɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɛɨɣɵɦɟɧ ɛɿɪ-ɛɿɪɿɦɟɧ ɠɚɧɚɫɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɛԝɥ ԕԝɪɚɭɲɵɥɚɪ
ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɨɫɵ ɫԥɬɬɟɝɿ ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ɨɫɿ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ.
§3. ɋɮɟɪɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɚԑɵ ԕɚɬɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵ
ɠԥɧɟ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ ԛɞɟɭɿ
ɋɮɟɪɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɬɚԑɵ ԕɚɬɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɨɫɶɬɿ ɚɣɧɚɥɭɵɧ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɬɵɧ ɲɚɦɚɧɵԙ – ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɛΡɪɵɲɬɵΙ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵΙ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ
ɚɣɬԕɚɧɛɵɡ (§2). Ȼԝɥ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕ ɦɨɞɭɥɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ Z lim D ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ,
'to0 't
ɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɞɚԑɵ D –ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɛԝɪɵɥɭɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԙ ɦɨɞɭɥɿ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ, Z lim D ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɵԙ D -ɧɿԙ ɭɚԕɵɬ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ
'to0 't
ɬɭɵɧɞɵɫɵ ɟɦɟɫ ɟɤɟɧɿ ɟɫɬɟ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɵ ɠԧɧ. Ԕɚɬɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ
ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵɧ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵ ɫɟɤɿɥɞɿ, ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɦɿɡ. ȼɟɤɬɨɪ
ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵ ɫɟɤɿɥɞɿ, ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ɨɫɿɧɿԙ ɛɨɣɵɧɞɚ ɠɚɬɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɨɧɵԙ
ɛɚԑɵɬɵɧ, ɞɟɧɟɝɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɨɥ ɫɚԑɚɬ ɬɿɥɿɧɟ ԕɚɪɫɵ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɚɬɵɧ
ɠɚԕԕɚ ԕɚɪɚɣ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɣɦɵɡ. Ȼԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕɬɵԙ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵɧ ɞɟɧɟɧɿԙ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ ɧԛɤɬɟɫɿɧɟ ɬԛɫɿɪɝɟɧ ԝɬɵɦɞɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ⱦɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ
o
ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԑɵɧ ɛԝɪɵɧԑɵɲɚ, Z ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɦɿɡ (46-ɫɭɪɟɬ).
46-ɫɭɪɟɬ
o
Ⱦɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɫɮɟɪɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ Z ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɵԙ, ɠɚɥɩɵɥɚɦɚ ɚɥԑɚɧɞɚ,
ɦɨɞɭɥɿ ɦɟɧ ɛɚԑɵɬɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɟɞɿ. ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɫɮɟɪɚɥɵΙ ΙɨɡΕɚɥɵɫɬɚΕɵ ɞɟɧɟɧɿΝ
o
ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɛΡɪɵɲɬɵΙ Οɞɟɭɿ ɞɟɩ Z ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɵΝ ɦɨɞɭɥɿ ɦɟɧ ɛɚΕɵɬɵɧɵΝ Ϋɡɝɟɪɭɿɧ
o
dZ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɬɵɧ ɲɚɦɚɧɵ, ɹԑɧɢ dt ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵɧ ɚɣɬɚɦɵɡ.
Ⱦɟɧɟɧɿԙ ɫɮɟɪɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɥɟɡɞɿɤ ɛԝɪɵɲɬɵԕ ԛɞɟɭɿɧ,
o
ɛԝɪɵɧԑɵɲɚ, H ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɦɿɡ, ɹԑɧɢ
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