Page 202 - index
P. 202
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚɧɵ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɣɿɤ.
Ʉԧɥɞɟɧɟԙ ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɥɿ ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ ɿɲɿɦɟɧ ɫԝɣɵԕ (ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɝɚɡ) ɚԑɵɩ
ɠɚɬɫɵɧ (21-ɫɭɪɟɬ). Ȼԝɥ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵ (ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɝɚɡɞɵ) ɛɿɪɬɟɤɬɿ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɵԑɵɥɦɚɣɞɵ
ɞɟɩ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɞɟɩ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɣɦɿɡ.
Ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ ԕɚɛɵɪԑɚɥɚɪɵɧɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ I - I ɠԥɧɟ II - II ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ
ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɛԧɥɿɤɬɿ ɚɥɵɩ, ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ ɨɫɵ ɛԧɥɿɝɿɧ ɬɨɥɬɵɪɵɩ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ
ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫɵɧ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɚɣɵԕ. Ԕɢɦɚ ɚɭɞɚɧɞɚɪɵɧ S1 ɠԥɧɟ S2 ԥɪɿɩɬɟɪɿɦɟɧ, ɚɥ
oo
ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɛԝɥ ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɞɚԑɵ ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɠɵɥɞɚɦɞɵԕɬɚɪɵɧ v1 ɠԥɧɟ v2 ɞɟɩ
ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɣɿɤ.
ɋԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɵɩ ɨɬɵɪԑɚɧ ɛԧɥɿɝɿɧɟ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɤԛɲɬɟɪ:
– ɤԧɥɟɦɞɿɤ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɦɚɫɫɚɥɵԕ ɤԛɲɬɟɪ, ɹԑɧɢ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ԥɪ ɛԧɥɲɝɿɧɟ ԥɫɟɪ
ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤԛɲ – ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɫɚɥɦɚԕ ɤԛɲɿ;
– ɛɟɬɬɿɤ ɤԛɲɬɟɪ, ɹԑɧɢ ɛԧɥɿɧɿɩ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɤԧɥɟɦɧɿԙ ɛɟɬɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɛԧɥɲɟɤɬɟɪɝɟ
ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤԛɲɬɟɪ, ɨɥɚɪ: ɛԧɥɿɧɿɩ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɫԝɣɵԕԕɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɭɲɿ – ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ
ԕɚɛɵɪԑɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԕɵɫɵɦɵ, ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ ɚɥɵɧɵɩ ɬɚɫɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɛԧɥɿɤɬɟɪɿɧɞɟɝɿ
ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ I - I ɠԥɧɟ II - II ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɵɧɚ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ ԕɵɫɵɦɵ, ɫԝɣɵԕ ɩɟɧ
ԕԝɛɵɪ ԕɚɛɵɪԑɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԛɣɤɟɥɿɫ (ɤɟɪɟɤ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ).
80-ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɧɵ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɚɧɚɦɵɡ, ɫɨɧɞɚ:
o
dQ
dt o o , (ɚ)
FǠ ǡ FǗǛǨ
oo
ɛԝɥ ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɟɝɿ FǠ ǡ ɠԥɧɟ FǗǛǨ – ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɿɩ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɤԧɥɟɦɿɧɟ ԥɫɟɪ
ɟɬɭɲɿ ɤԧɥɟɦɞɿɤ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɟɬɬɿɤ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɛɚɫ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɥɚɪɵ.
ȿɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɛɟɪɿɥɭɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɫԝɣɵԕ ɫɵԑɵɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ, ɛɿɪɬɟɤɬɿ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ
ɬԝɪɚԕɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ԕɢɦɚɫɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɛɿɪ
ɫɟɤɭɧɞɬɚ ɚԑɵɩ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɲɚɦɚ. Ɉɫɵ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɫɟɤɭɧɞɬɵΙ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɵɩ, M c >M c @ ɤȽ / ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɟɞɿ.
ɋԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɬɵԑɵɡɞɵԑɵɧ U ԥɪɩɿɦɟɧ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɩ,
ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿ ɚɥɚɦɵɡ. Mc U v1 S1 U v2 S2 . ɦԧɥɲɟɪɿɧɿԙ (ԥ)
ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɤԧɥɟɦɿɧɿԙ ԕɨɡԑɚɥɵɫ dt
ɋԝɣɵԕɬɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɿɩ
ɭɚԕɵɬɵɧɞɚԑɵ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿ:
o oo (ɛ)
dQ (U v2 S2dt) v2 (U v1 S1dt) v1 ,
ɛԝɥ ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɟɝɿ U v2 S2dt ɠԥɧɟ U v1 S1dt – ԕԝɛɵɪɞɵԙ I - I ɠԥɧɟ II - II
ԕɢɦɚɥɚɪɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ dt ɭɚԕɵɬɵɧɞɚ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɫԝɣɵԕɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɚɫɫɚɥɚɪɵ.
ɀɨԑɚɪɵɞɚԑɵ (ɚ), (ԥ) ɠԥɧɟ (ɛ) ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɟɪɿɧ ԧɡɚɪɚ ɲɟɲɿɩ,
oo o o (87)
F F M c v1 (M c v2 ) 0 .
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɧɵ ɚɥɚɦɵɡ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɗɣɥɟɪ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚɫɵ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɧɞɿ.
200
