Page 247 - index
P. 247
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Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ r , ɚɥ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɬɚɪɵ x , y , z ɧԛɤɬɟɧɿԙ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ
o oo o
ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɵ G r , ɨɧɵԙ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ G x ,G y , G z ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɟɧɟɞɿ.
ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɬɟɪɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ:
1. Ɉɥɚɪ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɥɿ ɚɡ ɲɚɦɚ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ; ɛԝɥɚɪɞɵ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɝɟɧ
ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɥɿ ɚɡ ɲɚɦɚɥɚɪ ɟɫɤɟɪɿɥɦɟɣɞɿ;
2. Ɉɥɚɪ ɫɚԕɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ ɛԝɡɛɚɣɞɵ, ɨɥɚɪɦɟɧ ԛɣɥɟɫɿɦɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ,
ɛɿɪɚԕ ɚɥɵɧɵɩ ԕɚɥԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ ɛԝɡɭɵ ɦԛɦɤɿɧ;
3. Ɉɥɚɪɞɚ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɥɵ ɟɦɟɫ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɛɚɪ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ
ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɭɚԕɵɬ ( t ) ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ;
4. Ɉɥɚɪ (ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ) ԥɪ ɧԛɤɬɟ ԛɲɿɧ, ɠɚɥɩɵɥɚɦɚ
ɚɣɬԕɚɧɞɚ, ɤԧɩ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɬɟɤ ɛɿɪɟɭ ԑɚɧɚ;
5. Ɉɥɚɪ ɠԛɣɟɝɟ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɭɲɿ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɞɟɧ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ ɟɦɟɫ, ɚɥ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɨɪɵɧ
ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ ɨɥ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɝɟ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ, ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ ɟɤɟɭɿ ɞɟ ɫɚԕɬɚɥԑɚɧ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɞɵ ɛԝɡɛɚɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ;
6. ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ, ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ( k ) ɛɿɪ-ɛɿɪɿɧɟ
ɬԥɭɟɥɫɿɡɞɟɪɿ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ; ɛɚɫԕɚɥɚɪɵ ɨɫɵ ɬԥɭɟɥɫɿɡɞɟɪ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɥɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ;
ɟɝɟɪ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɝɨɥɨɧɨɦɞɵ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɫɵ ɬԥɭɟɥɫɿɡ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ
ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɧɵ ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɟɪɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɿԙ ɫɚɧɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ;
7. ȿɝɟɪ ɝɨɥɨɧɨɦɞɵ ɟɦɟɫ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ a dx b dy c dz h 0 ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ
ɛɟɪɿɥɫɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭ
o
Gr(Gx,Gy,Gz) a Gx b Gy c Gz 0 ,
ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɬɟԙɞɟɭɞɟɝɿ a , b , c , h ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬԕɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɭɚԕɵɬԕɚ
ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ;
8. ɀԛɣɟɧɿ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪɵɧɚɧ ɛɿɪɬɿɧɞɟɩ ɛɨɫɚɬԕɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ
ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɞɵԙ ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿ ɞɟ ɤԧɛɟɣɟ ɛɚɫɬɚɣɞɵ, ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ ԥɪ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɚɥɵɩ
ɬɚɫɬɚԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɧԛɤɬɟɥɟɪɿ ɠɚԙɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪԑɚ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɚɥɚɞɵ; ɟɝɟɪ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɚɥɵɧɵɩ ɬɚɫɬɚɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɠԛɣɟ
ɬɨɥɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɟɪɤɿɧɞɿɤɬɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ ɛɿɪ-ɛɿɪɿɧɟ
ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ.
Ɍԥɭɟɥɞɿ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪɞɵ ɬԥɭɟɥɫɿɡ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ
ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ɠԥɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԥɞɿɫɬɟɪɞɿ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɥɵԕ ԥɞɿɫ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ, ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ (ɦɵɫɚɥɵ,
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɧɿԙ) ɤɟɫɤɿɧɿ ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ ɠԥɧɟ ɠɚԕɵɧ (ɲɟɤɫɿɡ ɠɚԕɵɧ)
ɠɵɥɠɵɬɵɥԑɚɧ ɤԛɣɿɧɞɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɟɞɿ. Ԥɪɢɧɟ, ɛԝɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɚɪ ɛԝɡɵɥɦɚɭ
ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ɉɫɵɥɚɣ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ ɫɵɡɛɚɞɚɧ ɤɟɪɟɤ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɬɚɪ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɥ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԥɞɿɫ – ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ, ɲɵɧɞɚɩ ɤɟɥɝɟɧɞɟ,
«ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɪ» ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ ɞɟɝɟɧ ɬԝɠɵɪɵɦԑɚ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ. Ȼɿɪɚԕ
ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪ ɟɦɟɫ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɞɟɝɿ ɭɚԕɵɬ t ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣɬɿɧ ɲɚɦɚ ( t const ) ɞɟɝɟɧ
ɛɨɥɠɚɦɦɟɧ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ. Ȼԝɥɚɣɲɚ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɭ – ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɭ
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ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɚɥ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɞɵ ɨɪɵɧ ɚɭɵɫɬɵɪɭɥɚɪ G r(G x,G y,G z) – ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɪ
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