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1-ɬɚɪɚɭ. ȻȿɊȱɄɌȱɄɄȿ ȿɋȿɉɌȿɍȾȱԘ ɇȿȽȱɁȱ
§1. ɇɚԕɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɧɵԙ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɧԝɫԕɚɫɵ
Ʉɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɥɿɤ ɟɫɟɩɬɿ ɲɟɲɭ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɿɧɿ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɭɞɟɧ
ɛɚɫɬɚɥɚɞɵ ɞɚ, ɫɨɧɵԙ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɨɫɵ ɡɟɪɬɬɟɥɿɩ ɨɬɵɪԑɚɧ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɿɧɿԙ
ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɧԝɫԕɚɫɵ (ɦɨɞɟɥɿ) ɬɚԙɞɚɥɵɩ ɚɥɵɧɚɞɵ. ȿɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɧԝɫԕɚɧɵ ɞԝɪɵɫ
ɬɚԙɞɚɭ, ԥɪɢɧɟ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɛɿɥɿɦɿɧɿԙ ɬɟɪɟԙɞɿɝɿɧɟ, ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɫɿɧɿԙ ɦɨɥɞɵԑɵɧɚ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ. Ȼԝɥ ԛɲɿɧ, ɨɫɵ ɧɚԕɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɿɧɿԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧ ɠɟɬɟ ɬԛɫɿɧɿɩ, ɧɟɧɿԙ
ɦԥɧɿɫɿ ɡɨɪ, ɚɥ ɧɟɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ, ԕɚɣ ɧԥɪɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɿɧɿԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧ
ԕɚɥɚɣɞɵ, ɚɥ ԕɚɣɫɵɫɵ ɛɨɥɦɚɲɵ ɟɤɟɧɿɧ ɚɣɵɪɚ ɛɿɥɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɿɧɿԙ
ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɿɤɬɟɪɿɧ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɟɫɤɟɪɿɩ, ԝɫɚԕ-ɬԛɣɟɤɬɟɪɿɧ ɞɟ ɟɫɟɩɤɟ ɚɥɚ ɛɟɪɫɟɤ,
ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɲɟɲɭ ɠɨɥɵ ԝɡɚɪɚɞɵ ɞɚ, ɨɞɚɧ ɨɧɵԙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ, ɬԧɡɿɦɞɿɥɿɝɿ ɚɫɚ ɤԧɩ
ɚɪɬɵɩ ɤɟɬɩɟɣɞɿ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɛɿɪ ɟɫɟɩɬɿ ɚɥɵɩ ΙɚɪɚɣɵΙ. Ԕɨɫɬɚɜɪɞɚɧ ɠɚɫɚɥԑɚɧ
ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵ 2-ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧɞɟɣ ɟɬɿɩ ɤԧɬɟɪɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ ɞɟɣɿɤ. ȿɫɟɩɬɿԙ
ɲɚɪɬɵ: ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵ ɤԧɬɟɪɝɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ԥɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɿ ɛɟɪɿɤ ɠԥɧɟ
ԕɚɬɚԙ ɛɨɥɵɩ, ɟɲԕɚɣɫɵɫɵ ɿɫɬɟɧ ɲɵԕɩɚɭ (ԕɢɪɚɦɚɭ) ɤɟɪɟɤ. Ɉɫɵ ɲɚɪɬԕɚ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ, ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɧԝɫԕɚɫɵ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɛɨɥɦɚԕ, ɨɥ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɠɨɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ, ɟɧɞɿ ɫɨԑɚɧ ɬɨԕɬɚɥɚɣɵԕ. Ɍԧɦɟɧɞɟ ɫɨɧɞɚɣ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ
ɧԝɫԕɚɥɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɟɤɟɭɿ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɿɥɝɟɧ (3 ɚ, 3 Ω-ɫɭɪɟɬɬɟɪɿ).
Ɇԝɧɵԙ ԧɡɿ, ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿɞɟɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ԕɨɣɵɥɭ ɲɚɪɬɵɧɚ, ɨɧɵԙ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɥɵԕ
ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɿɝɿɧɟ, ɟɤɿɧɲɿɞɟɧ, ɨɧɵ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɞԥɥɞɿɤɩɟɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɤɟɪɟɤɬɿɝɿɧɟ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ԛɲ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ: ɚɪԕɚɧ, ɫɵɪɵԕɬɚɪ ɠԥɧɟ
ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕ (ԕɨɫɬɚɜɪ).
Ⱥɥɞɵɦɟɧ, ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵ ɤԧɬɟɪɭ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɚɪԕɚɧ ԛɡɿɥɿɩ ɤɟɬɩɟɫɿɧ ɞɟɝɟɧ ɲɚɪɬ
ԕɨɹɣɵԕ (ɹԑɧɢ, ɚɪԕɚɧɧɵԙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ). Ɉɥ ԛɲɿɧ ɚɪԕɚɧԑɚ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ
ɤԛɲ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɦɵɡ. ȿɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɛɟɪɿɥɭɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ, ɚɪԕɚɧԑɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ
ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɤԛɲ ɛɨɥɵɩ, ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵԙ ɫɚɥɦɚԑɵ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ. Ɉɧɵɦɟɧ ԕɨɫɚ,
ɫɵɪɵԕɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɚɥɦɚԑɵɧ ɞɚ ɟɫɤɟɪɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ; ɟɝɟɪ ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕ ɠɵɥɞɚɦ ɤԧɬɟɪɿɥɟɬɿɧ
ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɨɧɵԙ ԛɞɟɦɟɫɿɧ, ɚɥ ɨɧɵԙ ԛɫɬɿɧɟ ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕ ԧɬɟ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɛɢɿɤɬɿɤɤɟ
ɤԧɬɟɪɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɚɪԕɚɧ ɬɵɦ ԝɡɵɧ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ ɞɚ, ɚɪԕɚɧɧɵԙ ԧɡ ɫɚɥɦɚԑɵɧ
ԕɨɫɚ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɤɟɪɟɤɬɿɝɿ ɬɭɵɧɞɚɣɞɵ.
Ⱥɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɤɟɞɟɪɝɿɧɿ, ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɥɿɤ ԕɵɫɵɦɞɵ, ɬɚԑɵ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɞɚ ɫɨɥ
ɫɟɤɿɥɞɿ ɦɚԙɵɡɵ ɚɡ (ɚɪԕɚɧԑɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤԛɲ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɞɚ) ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ԥɫɟɪɥɟɪɞɿ
ɟɫɤɟɪɦɟɭɝɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕԕɚ ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɞɿ ɟɤɲɟɥɟɭ
ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԑɚɧɚ, ɨɫɵ ԕɚɪɚɥԑɚɧ ԕɚɪɚɩɚɣɵɦ ɟɫɟɩɬɿԙ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɧԝɫԕɚɫɵɧ
ɠɚɫɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
ȿɤɿɧɲɿɞɟɧ, ɛԝɥ ɟɫɟɩɬɿ ɛɚɫԕɚ ɬԝɪԑɵɞɚɧ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɫɚԕ, ɦɵɫɚɥɵ, ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕ
ɤԧɬɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɨɥ ɫɵɧɵɩ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɲɚɦɚɞɚɧ ɬɵɫ ɦɚɣɵɫɵɩ ɤɟɬɩɟɫɿɧ ɞɟɝɟɧ
ɲɚɪɬ ԕɨɣɫɚԕ (ɹԑɧɢ, ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵԙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɭ ɤɟɪɟɤ), ɨɧɞɚ:
– ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕԕɚ (ԕɨɫɬɚɜɪԑɚ) ԥɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɤԛɲ – ɨɧɵԙ ԧɡ ɫɚɥɦɚԑɵ ɛɨɥɵɩ
ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ, ɨɥ ɤԛɲ ɚɪԕɚɥɵԕɬɵԙ ɛɨɣɵɦɟɧ ɛɿɪԕɚɥɵɩɬɵ ɬɚɪɚɥԑɚɧ ɞɟɩ
ɟɫɟɩɬɟɥɟɞɿ;
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