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ɤɟɞɟɪɝɿɫɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɪ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɬɨɩԕɚ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ. ɋɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɨɛɵ – ɨɫɵ
ɬɚɪɚɭɞɚ ԕɚɪɚɥɚɬɵɧ ɫɨɡɵɥɭ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɵԑɵɥɭ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, ɫɵɪɬΙɵ ɤΟɲɬɟɪɞɿΝ Ωɪɟɤɟɬɿɧɟɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɟɪɞɿΝ Ιɢɦɚɫɵɧɞɚ
ɬɟɤ Ιɚɧɚ ɛɨɣɥɵΙ ɤΟɲ (N) ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɧɵΝ ɬΟɪɿɧ ɫɨɡɵɥɭ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɫɵΕɵɥɭ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.
§1. ɋɨɡɵɥɭɞɚԑɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɵԑɵɥɭɞɚԑɵ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɥɟɪ
Ȼɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɿɪ Ɋ ɤԛɲɿɧiԙ ԥɪɟɤɟɬiɧɟɧ ɫɨɡɵɥɵɩ, ɬɟԙɞɿɤ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɬԝɪԑɚɧ ɫɵɪɵԕɬɵԙ
ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɝɿɧ ɚɥɵɩ ԕɚɪɚɣɵԕ (18-ɫɭɪɟɬ). ɋɵɪɵԕ ɬɟԙɞɿɤ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɬԝɪԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ,
ԕɚɪɚɥɵɩ ɨɬɵɪԑɚɧ ɛԧɥɿɤɬɿԙ ɞɟ ɬɟԙɞiɤ ɤԛɣɞɟ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɵ ɚɣɬɩɚɫɚ ɞɚ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ.
ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɛɨɣɥɵԕ ɤԛɲ ԕɢɦɚɞɚԑɵ ɿɲɤɿ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɠɢɵɧɬɵԑɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
ȿɧɞɿ ɨɫɵ ԕɢɦɚɞɚɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɚɭɞɚɧ dȺ -ɧɵ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɚɥɚɣɵԕ. Ɉɥ ɚɭɞɚɧɞɚԑɵ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɿɲɤɿ ɤԛɲɬɿԙ (dN) ԧɥɲɟɦɿɧ V ɤɟɪɧɟɭɿ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɩ,
dN V dȺ (2.1)
ɞɟɩ ɠɚɡɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ȼԝɥ ɬɟԙɞiɤɬɟɧ iɲɤi ɤԛɲɬi ɬɚɩɫɚԕ
N ³ V dȺ . (2.2)
Ⱥ
18-ɫɭɪɟɬ
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥ ɬԛɪɿɧɞɟ ɚɥɵɧԑɚɧ ɬɟԙɞiɤɬiԙ (2) ɲɟɲɿɦɿ ɫɚɧɫɵɡ ɤԧɩ ɟɤɟɧɿɧɟ ɤԛɦԥɧ
ɠɨԕ. Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ, ɛԝɥ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɞɵ ɚɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɬɿɤ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿԙ (V ) ԕɢɦɚ
ɛɟɬɿɧɞɟɝɿ ɬɚɪɚɥɭ ɡɚԙɵ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ ɛɨɥɫɚ ɛɨɥԑɚɧɵ, ɚɥ ɨɧɞɚɣ ɡɚԙɞɵɥɵԕɬɵԙ
ɦԧɥɲɟɪɫɿɡ ɤԧɩ ɟɤɟɧɿ ɞɟ ɛɟɥɝɿɥɿ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿԙ ԕɢɦɚ ɚɭɞɚɧɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɬɚɪɚɥɭɵɧɵԙ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɬԛɪɿɧ ԑɚɧɚ
ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɣɿɤ (19-ɫɭɪɟɬ).
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