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Ɉɫɵԑɚɧ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ "ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ" ɞɟɝɟɧ ԝԑɵɦ ɤɿɪɝɿɡɟɦɿɡ.
ɋɨɡɵɥԑɚɧ ԛɥɝɿɞɟɝɿ ɛɟɪɿɥɝɟɧ ɤɟɪɧɟɥɝɟɧ ɤԛɣɝɟ ɬɟԙɛɟ-ɬɟԙ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɿ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ɞɟɣɦɿɡ.

1 V 1 V 3 1 V ɷɤɜ (9.4)
2 2

Ɉɫɵ ɬԝɠɵɪɵɦԑɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ, ɫɨɡɵɥɭ ԛɲɿɧ: >V @ .

W max V, >W @ 2 (9.5)
2

(9.3) ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɧɵ (9.4) ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɟɧ ɫɚɥɵɫɬɵɪɭ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɲɚɪɬɵɧ
ɚɥɚɦɵɡ:
W max d >W @
(9.6)

V 1 V 3 d >V @. (9.6ɚ)

ȼ. Ɍԧɪɬɿɧɲɿ ɠɨɪɚɦɚɥ. Ʉԧɩɬɟɝɟɧ ԑɚɥɵɦɞɚɪ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕɚɭɿɩɬɿ ɤԛɣɿ ɬɟɤ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹԑɚ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɝɟ ԑɚɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ ɟɦɟɫ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɤɟɭɿɧɟ ɞɟ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ
ɞɟɝɟɧ ɠɨɪɚɦɚɥ ɠɚɫɚɞɵ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧ ԑɚɥɵɦɵ Ȼɟɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ (1885 ɠ.),

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿɧ ɞɟɧɟɞɟɝɿ ɦɟɧɲɿɤɬɿ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ
ɛɚԑɚɥɚɭ ɤɟɪɟɤɬɿɝɿɧ ԝɫɵɧɞɵ. Ȼɿɪɚԕ ɛԝɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬԥɠɿɪɢɛɟɦɟɧ ɞԥɥɟɥɞɟɧɛɟɞɿ.

ɋɨɡɵɥɵɦɞɵɥɵԕ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ ɤԧɥɟɦɧɿԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɦɟɣɬɿɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɟ
ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, Ƚɭɛɟɪ (1904 ɠ.), Ɇɢɡɟɫ (1913 ɠ.) ɠԥɧɟ Ƚɟɧɤɢ (1923 ɠ.) ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ
ԧɥɲɟɦɿ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɝɿɧ – ɩɿɲɿɧ ԧɡɝɟɪɬɭ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɚɧɭɞɵ ԝɫɵɧɞɵ. Ȼԝɥ ɠɨɪɚɦɚɥ – ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤɬɿԙ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɬԧɪɬɿɧɲɿ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ԛɲ ɛɚɫ ɤɟɪɧɟɭɞɟ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ ɛɨɥɦɚԑɚɧ ɤɟɡɞɟ, ɩɿɲɿɧ ԧɡɝɟɪɬɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɫɵ:

> @U max1 P
ɨɩ6E
V 1 V 2 2 V 2 V 3 2 V 3 V 1 2 . (9.7)

Ԕɚɪɚɩɚɣɵɦ ɫɨɡɵɥɭ ԛɲiɧ:

U ɨɩ 1 P ˜ 2V 2 . (9.8)
6ȿ
Ȼɟɪiɤɬiɤ ɲɚɪɬɵ:

> @U max d U îï , (9.9)
îï

>U îï @ 1 P ˜ 2>V @2 . (9.10)
6Å

(9.6) ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɦɟɧ (9.9) ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɞɚɧ:

> @1 d >V @. (9.11)

2
V 1 V 2 2 V 2 V 3 2 V 3 V1 2

§3. Ɇɨɪ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɫɵ
Ԧɬɤɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɬɚ ɛɿɪɧɟɲɟ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɤ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɚɪɵɧ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɞɵԕ. Ɉɥ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɲԕɚɣɫɵɫɵ ԥɦɛɟɛɚɩ ɛɨɥɦɚԑɚɧɦɟɧ, ԧɡɞɟɪɿɧɿԙ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɭ

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